<`GG @@@ @@@@px=GG EN DB HP   / @@000000000000000004B02060006536F7572636561727LEAshenden, M J Gore, C J Parisotto, R Sharpe, K Hopkins, W G Hahn, A Ga 2003f_Effect of altitude on second-generation blood tests to detect erythropoietin abuse by athletes.r Haematologica881053-62Sports ExercpWWAuthorYearor>Titledary TitleKSourceary TitleU Type of WorktleE S0S@SPS`SpSSSSSSSSSTT T0T@TPT`TpTTTTTTTTTUU U0U@UPUUUUUVV V0V@VPVpVVVVVVVVWW W0W@WPW`WpWWR  Batterham2004 Foster2004 Gore2004 Hopkins2004 Hopkins2004 Hopkins2004 Hopkins2004 Hopkins2004  Hopkins2004  Hopkins2004  Hopkins2004  Hopkins2004 Paton2004 Pyne2004 Pyne2004 Pyne2004Saunders2004 @@Q AuthorsJournalsKeywords                                2* Batterham, A M 2004NGCommentary on Bias in Bland-Altman but not regression validity analysess Sportscience8r 47-49d^calibration, method comparison, random error, systematic error, standard error of the estimate*#http://sportsci.org/jour/04/amb.htm'rkDepartment of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. Email: spsamb=AT=bath.ac.uk Foster, C 2004jdCommentary on Effects of High-intensity Training on Performance and Physiology of Endurance Athletes Sportscience8a41'voExercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, Wisconsin 54601. Email. foster.carl=AT=uwlax.edu Gore, C J 2004LFCommentary on How to Interpret Changes in an Athletic Performance Test Sportscience8a 8-92*#http://sportsci.org/jour/04/cjg.htmr'tnAustralian Institute of Sport, PO Box 219, Brooklyn Park, South Australia 5032. Email: cgore=AT=ausport.gov.au Hopkins, W G 2004>8How to interpret changes in an athletic performance test Sportscience8t 1-7 Bayes, correlation, error of the estimate, error of measurement, limits of agreement, reliability, time to exhaustion, time trial, validityhbWhen monitoring progression of an athlete with performance or other fitness tests, it is important to take into account the magnitude of the smallest worth-while change in performance and the uncertainty or noise in the test result. For elite athletes competing in sports as individuals, the smallest worthwhile change in performance is about half the typical variation in an athlete's per-formance from competition to competition, or ~0.5-1% when expressed as a change in power output, depending on the sport. In team sports, where there is no direct relationship between team and test performance, an appropriate default for the smallest change in test performance is one-fifth of the between-athlete standard deviation (a standardized or Cohen effect size of 0.20). Noise in a test result is best expressed as the typical or standard error of measurement derived from a reliability study. The noise in most perform-ance tests is greater than the smallest worthwhile difference, so assessments of changes in performance can be problematic. An exact but somewhat impractical solution is to present chances that the true change is beneficial, trivial, and harmful. A simpler approach is to apply systematic rules to decide whether the true change is beneficial, trivial, harmful, or unclear. Unrealistically large changes can also be partially discounted when tests are noisy..(http://sportsci.org/jour/04/wghtests.htm'Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1020, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz Hopkins, W G 2004JCImpact factors of journals in sport and exercise science, 2000-2003\ Sportscience8 12-19t0)academic, citation, publication, researchrXRA journal's impact factor, as defined and collated by the Institute for Scientific Information, is the recent annual rate of citation of its average article. Changes in the impact factor are a useful guide to changes in a journal's quality or focus. Exercise and sport-science journals maintaining their impact in the most recent citation reports include (alphabetically) American Journal of Sports Medicine (current impact factor, 2.1), British Journal of Sports Medicine (1.3), Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine (1.8), European Journal of Applied Physiology (1.5), International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (0.9), International Journal of Sport Psychology (0.6), International Journal of Sports Medicine (1.4), Journal of Applied Biomechanics (0.6), Journal of Applied Sport Psychology (1.1), Journal of Athletic Training (1.2), Journal of Biomechanics (2.0), Journal of Sports Sciences (1.3), Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (0.8), Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (2.6), and Sports Medicine (2.4). A noteworthy respectable newcomer to the reports is Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport (0.7). A rise of 0.3 by the Journal of Applied Physiology (3.0) is consistent with an increasing academic emphasis on mechanisms in this journal. Journals falling by 0.3 or more include Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (1.4) and Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (0.9). Amongst journals yet to enter the reports are European Journal of Sport Science, Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, Journal of Exercise Physiology-online, and of course, Sportscience.,%http://sportsci.org/jour/04/wghif.htm'Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1020, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz Hopkins, W G 2004& An introduction to meta-analysis Sportscience8e 20-24tzsCochrane Collaboration, funnel plot, mixed model, quantitative analysis, random effect, research, systematic reviewA meta-analysis is a systematic quantitative review of original research studies of some phenomenon, such as the effect of a specific treatment on some aspect of health or behavior. The meta-analyst expresses the magnitudes of effects from all relevant studies in the same units, then uses an appropriate weighting factor (the inverse of each effect's error variance) to combine the magnitudes into a mean value and its uncertainty (confidence limits). In a traditional meta-analysis, the true effects are assumed to be homogeneous (have the same value) in the analyzed studies, and some "outlier" studies may be eliminated to satisfy this assumption. In the more recent and realistic random-effect or mixed-model meta-analysis, true values of all effects are assumed to be heterogeneous (different), and the analysis provides an estimate of the heterogeneity as a standard deviation representing unexplained typical true variation in the effect between studies. Inclusion of study and mean subject characteristics in the analysis as covariates may reduce heterogeneity and provide further useful information about the magnitude of the effect in different locations and with different subjects. Published effects are usually larger than their true values, owing to the misuse of statistical significance as a criterion for publication. A funnel plot can detect such publication bias, but there is currently no satisfactory way to adjust for it in the meta-analysis, and the only long-term solution is to ban statistical significance..'http://sportsci.org/jour/04/wghmeta.htm'Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1020, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz B " 2 0 2 Hopkins, W G 2004@9Bias in Bland-Altman but not regression validity analysesf Sportscience8 42-46d^calibration, method comparison, random error, systematic error, standard error of the estimateAn instrument that has been calibrated against a criterion measure with a sample of subjects is sometimes checked against the criterion in a validity study with another sample. In a spreadsheet-based simulation of such calibration and validity studies, a Bland-Altman plot of difference vs mean values for the instrument and criterion shows a systematic proportional bias in the instrument's readings, even though none is present. In contrast, a regression analysis of the criterion vs the instrument shows no bias. The regression analysis also provides complete statistics for recalibrating the instrument, if bias develops or if random error changes since the last calibration. The Bland-Altman analysis of validity should therefore be abandoned in favor of regression..'http://sportsci.org/jour/04/wghbias.htmm'Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1020, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nzt Hopkins, W G 2004.(Editorial: page numbers for Sportscience Sportscience8i:4http://sportsci.org/jour/04/inbrief.htm#editoral.htm'Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1020, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz Hopkins, W G 2004,&Clinical significance and decisiveness Sportscience8sia:4http://sportsci.org/jour/04/inbrief.htm#clinical.htm'Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1020, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz Hopkins, W G 2004,%Updated Endnote journal abbreviationsa Sportscience8  i-ii:3http://sportsci.org/jour/04/inbrief.htm#endnote.htmu'Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1020, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz Hopkins, W G 2004"Calibrating metabolic carts. Sportscience8nii6/http://sportsci.org/jour/04/inbrief.htm#cal.htma'Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1020, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz=Paton, C D Hopkins, W Gm 2004\VEffects of high-intensity training on performance and physiology of endurance athletes Sportscience8i 25-40 NHaerobic, anaerobic threshold, economy, plyometrics, resistance, strengthhaMost endurance athletes use high-intensity training to prepare for competitions. In this review we consider the effects of high-intensity interval and resistance training on endurance performance and related physiological measures of competitive endurance athletes. METHODS. There were 22 relevant training studies. We classified training as intervals (supramaximal, maximal, submaximal) and resistance (including explosive, plyometrics, and weights). We converted all effects on performance into percent changes in mean power and included effects on physiological measures that impact endurance performance. FINDINGS. All but one study was performed in non-competitive phases of the athletes programs, when there was otherwise no high-intensity training. Endurance performance of the shortest durations was enhanced most by supramaximal intervals (~4%) and explosive sport-specific resistance training (4-8%). Endurance performance of the longest durations was enhanced most by intervals of maximal and supramaximal intensities (~6%), but resistance training had smaller effects (~2%). Interval training achieved its effects through improvements of maximum oxygen consumption, anaerobic threshold, and economy, whereas resistance training had benefits mainly on economy. Effects of some forms of high-intensity training on performance or physiology were unclear. CONCLUSIONS. Addition of explosive resistance and high-intensity interval training to a generally low-intensity training program will produce substantial gains in performance. More research is needed to clarify the effects of the various forms of high-intensity training on endurance performance, to determine whether prescribing specific forms of resistance training can improve specific deficits of an endurance athlete's physiology, and to determine the effects of combining the various forms in periodized programs.*#http://sportsci.org/jour/04/cdp.htm'XRCentre for Sport and Exercise Science, The Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton. Email: Carl.Paton=AT=wintec.ac.nz. Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1020, New Zealand. Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1020, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz Pyne, D B 2004LFCommentary on How to Interpret Changes in an Athletic Performance Test Sportscience8r 10-11b*#http://sportsci.org/jour/04/dbp.htmu'Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, PO Box 176, Belconnen, ACT 2616, Australia. Email. dPyne=AT=ausport.gov.au Pyne, D B 2004Reviewer's commentaryb Sportscience8\ iii0*http://sportsci.org/jour/04/dbpinbrief.htm'Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, PO Box 176, Belconnen, ACT 2616, Australia. Email. dPyne=AT=ausport.gov.au6Saunders, P Pyne, D Bs 2004jdCommentary on Effects of High-intensity Training on Performance and Physiology of Endurance Athletes Sportscience8 50-51,%http://sportsci.org/jour/04/ps_dp.htmI'Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, PO Box 176, Belconnen, ACT 2616, Australia. Email. Philo.Saunders=AT=ausport.gov.au, dPyne=AT=ausport.gov.au